Atlantic County’s history is tied to its coastal geography, maritime economy, transportation networks, and the rise of resort culture along the Atlantic shoreline.
Located in southeastern New Jersey, Atlantic County stretches from inland forests and wetlands to the barrier island coastline. The county is home to Atlantic City, a major entertainment destination, but its history extends far beyond the boardwalk.
Small towns, preserved landscapes, and working waterfront communities shape a county identity grounded in both tourism and local heritage.
Table of Contents
Early Settlement and Native Presence
Long before European settlement, the region was inhabited by Lenape communities who relied on coastal ecosystems for sustenance and trade.
The Lenape lived along rivers, estuaries, and barrier island shorelines, fishing, hunting, and using canoes to travel between inland and coastal settlements. Shellfish beds, dune systems, and tidal marshes were significant parts of this environment.
European settlers began arriving in the 1600s and 1700s, primarily from English and Dutch colonies to the north. Settlement expanded slowly at first because the land was heavily forested and surrounded by water routes rather than overland roads.
Early economic activity centered on shipbuilding, timber harvesting, salt production, and oyster and fish harvesting.
Atlantic County was officially formed in 1837, separated from Gloucester County as populations grew and administrative needs changed.
Atlantic City and the Rise of Resort Culture
Atlantic City developed in the mid-19th century as a seaside health and leisure destination, eventually becoming one of the most well-known resort cities in the country.
In 1854, the Camden and Atlantic Railroad connected Philadelphia to the coast, enabling easy visitor travel. Hotels, pavilions, bathhouses, and entertainment venues emerged quickly. The Atlantic City Boardwalk, first built in 1870, became a defining feature.
The Boardwalk and Tourism Growth
The boardwalk experience combined:
- Oceanfront recreation
- Dining and entertainment
- Retail tourism
- Hotel hospitality
Atlantic City grew as a destination for families, vacationers, and business travelers. The city’s image was shaped by postcards, advertising, and national cultural references throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Prohibition and Nightlife
During the Prohibition era, Atlantic City became known for nightlife and entertainment that operated with flexible enforcement. Clubs, casinos, performers, and hotel economies thrived. This era shaped some of the city’s long-term identity.
The Casino Era and Modern Atlantic City
In 1976, New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, making it the only city on the East Coast with legal casinos at the time.
The first casino opened in 1978. For several decades, Atlantic City was a regional tourism and convention hub with large hotel-casinos, boardwalk attractions, event venues, and tourism infrastructure.
The casino industry brought jobs and economic activity but also volatility. The 2000s and 2010s saw periods of development, competition from casinos in neighboring states, and shifts in tourism behavior. The city continues to evolve with entertainment, hospitality, conference business, and redevelopment initiatives along the boardwalk and marina districts.
Communities Across Atlantic County
While Atlantic City is the most well-known municipality, the rest of the county reflects a different pace and character.
Hammonton
Known as the “Blueberry Capital of the World,” Hammonton has agricultural roots and a strong local farming economy. The Pine Barrens landscape shapes the town’s surroundings.
Egg Harbor Township
A major residential and commercial center, centrally located with shopping corridors, schools, and access to major highways.
Pleasantville and Absecon
Suburban communities with established neighborhoods and direct access to Atlantic City’s employment base.
Galloway Township
Home to Stockton University, preserved forest lands, and historic areas near Smithville.
Brigantine
A coastal residential community north of Atlantic City with beaches, marinas, and quieter shoreline living.
Each municipality contributes different functions: residential stability, tourism, agriculture, higher education, and nature access.
Parks, Reserves, and Natural Landscape
Atlantic County is part of the Pine Barrens ecosystem, one of the most unique ecological regions in the eastern United States.
Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge
A major protected coastal wetlands area spanning multiple counties, offering:
- Birdwatching
- Photography
- Walking trails
- Scenic driving loops
Migratory birds use the refuge heavily, making it a significant ecological site.
Atlantic County Park System
Includes:
- Lake Lenape Park (Mays Landing)
- Estell Manor Park with boardwalk trails and forested areas
- Weymouth Furnace Historic Site
These areas provide hiking, fishing, kayaking, and preserved nature environments.
Cultural and Educational Institutions
Atlantic County supports arts, education, and heritage through local museums, universities, and historic preservation groups.
Key institutions include:
- Stockton University (Galloway and Atlantic City campus)
- Atlantic City Historical Museum exhibits (now part of Jim Whelan Boardwalk Hall display areas)
- African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey (multiple exhibit locations)
- Noyes Museum of Art (Stockton-affiliated galleries)
These institutions contribute to local identity and public programming.
Things to Do for Visitors and Locals
Visitors can explore both Atlantic City attractions and the quieter coastal and inland communities throughout the county.
Notable experiences:
- Walk or bike the Atlantic City Boardwalk
- Visit Jim Whelan Boardwalk Hall and the Miss America exhibition history
- Tour the Absecon Lighthouse
- Hike, kayak, or birdwatch at the Forsythe Wildlife Refuge
- Explore historic Smithville for small shops and seasonal festivals
- Relax on Brigantine’s beaches for a quieter shoreline alternative
- Visit Hammonton farm stands during blueberry season
The county provides a range of environments—from nightlife to nature.
Final Thought
Atlantic County’s identity is shaped by its coastline, its history of tourism and industry, and the varied communities that make up the region today.
It offers major entertainment destinations alongside preserved natural landscapes and working local towns. The county’s layered history remains visible in its waterfronts, cultural districts, and community traditions.
